Financial Economics
Reza Taleblou; Parisa Mohajeri; Abbas Shakeri; teymoor mohammadi; zahra zabihi
Abstract
Achieving the correct insight into the structure of connectedness and the spillover of volatilities between different stock exchange industries plays an important role in risk management and forming an optimal stock portfolio. Also, the analysis of inter-sectoral connectedness helps policy makers in ...
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Achieving the correct insight into the structure of connectedness and the spillover of volatilities between different stock exchange industries plays an important role in risk management and forming an optimal stock portfolio. Also, the analysis of inter-sectoral connectedness helps policy makers in designing policies that stimulate economic growth and implementing preventive measures to curb the propagation of systemic risk. In this regard, this article tries to use the data of 3370 trading days during the period of 1388/07/01 to 1402/06/31, encompassing 20 stock market industries (which constitute more than 80% of the Iranian stock market) and applying the connectedness approach based on the vector autoregression model with time-varying parameters (TVP-VAR), to estimate the systemic risk and volatility connectedness of the stock market network. In addition, we implement the minimum connectedness approach in the optimal stock portfolio and compared its performance with two other conventional approaches. The findings reveal that, first; the systemic risk in Iranian stock market is significant and has reached unprecedented figures of 80% in the last three years. Second, the four major export industries (petrochemicals, metals, mining and refining) experience the strongest pairwise connectedness, and among them, base metals appear as one of the most important transmitters of volatilities to the entire stock network. Thirdly, the stock portfolio based on the minimum connectedness method, compared to the minimum variance and minimum correlation methods, shows a better performance based on the criteria of cumulative return and hedge ratio efficiency.
Monetary economy
Abbas Shakeri; Elnaz Bagherpour Oskouie
Abstract
High and continuous inflation in Iran's economy as a structural dilemma has adverse economic, political, and cultural outcomes, and to control the inflation, policymakers should employ appropriate and well-timed policies concuring to the economic structures of the country. Hence, this study points to ...
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High and continuous inflation in Iran's economy as a structural dilemma has adverse economic, political, and cultural outcomes, and to control the inflation, policymakers should employ appropriate and well-timed policies concuring to the economic structures of the country. Hence, this study points to distinguish and analyze the nature of inflation. For this reason, the present study examines the dynamics of the causal relationship between inflation and liquidity as well as the relationship between inflation and exchange rate by applying the continuous wavelet transform approach using monthly data during the years 1982 to 2021 in Iran’s economy. The results indicate: 1. Liquidity does not infulence the inflation rate in the long term and there is a reverse causality (causality from inflation to liquidity) and this result affirms the endogeneity of liquidity in the long term in Iran's economy. 2. The exchange rate growth shocks (from the supply side of the economy) affect inflation, in a way that the exchange rate altogether influences the inflation in both the short and long term.1.IntroductionAmid the last few decades, high and steady inflation has been a serious economic problem in Iran's economy. Empirical evidence suggests that in the years 1995, 1996, 2013, 2014, 2019, and 2020-21, Iran's economy has suffered from heavy and sequentional inflations. However, the perseverance of high inflation, especially since 2020, has turned into a fundamental problem. The main issue about the inflation in our country is not the inflation per se, but the critical status of it has faced development plans with great challenges for many years. Then again during the last decade, the economy tried to control inflation by restricting the growth of the money supply. But it appears that the results come to oppose established recommendations to curb the growth of liquidity. Therefore, the question raised in the present study is whether the high inflation rate in Iran's economy is due to the rise of the money supply.Although the relationship between inflation and liquidity in the economy has been examined in several studies, the significance of inflation and its relation with macroeconomic variables- the broad previous and subsequent link with other variables- exaggerates the study of the relationships among these variables and other macroeconomic variables in different time scales. In this regard, the present study examines the relationship among some key monetary and price variables in the economy (dynamics of the relationship between inflation and liquidity as well as inflation and exchange rate).2.Methodology and MethodsThere are several methods to examine the interrelationships of inflation, exchange rate, and liquidity that are commonly divided into the form of statistical methods as well as model-based methods. But, since the causal relationship between these variables is likely to change over time, so further exploration of those relationships requires techniques that consider the relationship between two variables over time and different time horizons (different friquencies). Unlike most statistical and econometric techniques, the wavelet approach does not require variables to be survivable, nor does it assume linear relationships between them. In contrast to time series techniques, the use of wavelet approaches, especially wavelet coherence and continuous wavelet transform approaches within the framework of the methodology of econophysics (econophysics), opens new horizons in the study of causality in time series, because it shows the possibility of dynamically examining effects at different frequencies by separating it to the short and long term. To this end, the present study, using the continuous wavelet transform approach, examines the dynamics of the causal relationship between inflation and liquidity and the relationship between inflation and exchange rate by applying monthly data during the years 1982:1 to 2020:12 in Iran’s economy.3. Discussion and ResultsGenerally speaking, based on what we've learned regarding the rooting of inflation in the our economy, it can be said that when the inflation rate increases and reaches a level higher than the average inflation (30 to 40 percent), such as when the average inflation rate shows lower figures, other monetary variables cannot be illustrative. Also, regarding the rooting of inflation, it can be said that in recent years, due to the adjustment policy, decrease of oil exports or sanctions, the demand for foreign currency exceeded its supply, and we witnessed instabilities in the exchange rate. Hence, the instability and fluctuations in the exchange rate and its concerned indicators do not exclusively follow monetary conditions.Therefore, the stability of exchange rates leads to the stability of prices and the limitation of monetary follow ups, and the resulting inflation itself causes more changes in the exchange rate in the next period.4. ConclusionIn the current economic situation, the appreciation of the exchange rate is the cause of inflation and high inflation is to a noteable extent the cause of the budget deficit and liquidity growth. Therefore, another factor is the supply side that causes inflation and is not a monetary factor. Therefore, in a situation where the endogenous creative forces of liquidity are active, relying on controlling the amount of money and liquidity as the goal of monetary policy and a solution to curb inflation will not work and will pave the way for speculators and unproductive agents. Therefore, in order to achieve the price stability, it is recommended that the monetary policy maker should a) avoid instant changes in relative and key prices (the most important of which is the exchange rate) and b) control the bank interest rate along with the structural reforms of the banking system in a way that the banking system moves toward optimal allocation of credit resources.
Econometrics
Abbas Shakeri; Teymor Mohammadi; Zinat Zakeri
Abstract
The expansion of the globalization process has increased the relationships among financial markets in different countries, which itself has motivated investors to move among them to make more profit. Given the situation in Iran after sanctions, the possibility of investing in well-known financial markets ...
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The expansion of the globalization process has increased the relationships among financial markets in different countries, which itself has motivated investors to move among them to make more profit. Given the situation in Iran after sanctions, the possibility of investing in well-known financial markets is facing with the risk of sanctions. The present study aims to evaluate the existence of volatility spillover among the financial markets of Iran and Islamic oil exporters countries. To this aim, a multivariate factor stochastic volatility (SV) model and stock price index data were used with daily frequency for the period 12/05/2008-02/19/2020. Based on the results, the main hypothesis that the volatility spillover among the financial markets of OPEC oil-exporting Islamic countries follows a common and uniform random trend is accepted for the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar, but not for Iran and Nigeria. Therefore, diversifying the portfolio for Iranian investors in the financial markets of OPEC Islamic oil exporters can reduce the investment risk in the long run which make such economies an appropriate investment destination for Iranians due to the conditions of sanctions.
Vahid Dehbashi; Teymour Mohammadi; Abbas Shakeri; Javid Bahrami
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the responses of stock, gold and foreign exchange markets in Iran, with an emphasis on the spillover volatility effects. For this purpose, the rate of return of variables is calculated by using the daily data of Tehran Stock Exchange price index, exchange rate ...
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the responses of stock, gold and foreign exchange markets in Iran, with an emphasis on the spillover volatility effects. For this purpose, the rate of return of variables is calculated by using the daily data of Tehran Stock Exchange price index, exchange rate and gold price during the period of 25 March 2009 to 18 July 2018. The estimated model investigates volatility spillovers in the markets using the VAR-BEKK-GARCH approach. The impulse-response functions are estimated by including the possibility of the asymmetry of the coefficients of the cross terms of the errors in MGARCH-type equations. The results show two-way volatility spillover between foreign exchange and stock markets, one-way volatility spillover from the foreign exchange to gold markets and one-way volatility spillover from the gold to stock markets. Moreover, the findings obtained from the impulse-response functions confirm the spread of uncertainty among the financial markets in Iran.
Soheila Parvin; Abbas Shakeri; Azam Ahmadian
Volume 19, Issue 58 , April 2014, , Pages 77-115
Abstract
In the area of monetary policy, interest rate is regarded as a direct monetary instrument and required reserve ratio is as an indirect monetary instrument which in Iran, they are enforced by the monetary authorities to the banking system and will affect its behavior. In this paper, we study the balance ...
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In the area of monetary policy, interest rate is regarded as a direct monetary instrument and required reserve ratio is as an indirect monetary instrument which in Iran, they are enforced by the monetary authorities to the banking system and will affect its behavior. In this paper, we study the balance sheet effects of the two policies using financial statements data of banking system, System of National Accounts and New Keynesian Stochastic Dynamic General Equilibrium model taking advantage of the statistics for the period 1981-2012. Calibration methodology is used to compute the parameters of DSGE model . We analysis Impulse Response functions and the first and second moments. Results show that an interest rate positive shock by one standard deviation causes the deposits and loans to be, respectively, about 8 and 25 percent higher than the steady state. On the other hand, a positive shock of required reserve ratio by one standard deviation has an impact opposite to the effect of an increase in banking interest rate on the balance sheet. Hence, the consequence of a positive interest rate shock is an increase in output and reduction in inflation and the consequence of shock relative to the required reserve ratio is a decrease in output and an increase in inflation.
